Academic writing can be tough job if there is no one to help or you might afraid to ask help from your supervisor. Well, it isn’t that easy that you can learn overnight or not that hard that you can’t learn at all. Consistency and clear simple language clearly understandable to the reader is key of it. The ideas, answers, experimentation and results should be concise, reasonable and real to understand the value of conducting research of the problem.

The format of paper may vary from field to field but easy to remember guidelines are listed below that will gives summary of points that a scientific paper is comprises of.

1. Abstract

Abstract is important part of scientific papers of which is the summary of your methodology, outcomes, and purpose of conducting the study. Introductory lines address the issue and its importance, then few lines should be of how this study is conducted that comes in the part of materials and method, and then comes the part of your findings which should be clear and understandable so that people of other background can understand well It should be of concise and easy wording that grabs attention of reader and gives them idea of what and why this study is investigated.

2. Introduction

Introduction is the most interesting yet challenging part of paper or thesis. It is daunting task for the writers as it is time consuming and require efforts to structure your ideas. The main purpose of this section is that you need to highlight answers of all the question related to the problem and explain the gap in the study. It is often combined with literature review which gives detail research background of the issue which is previously conducted and methods to study it.

To summarize it, following points are important to keep in mind while writing introduction:

• You need to do thorough research on the problem and state answers related to it. This will make reader interest in it.
• Organize your thoughts and create a road map from broader perspective to narrowing down important point to mention.
• Establish linkage between the existing literature and purpose of conducting your research. State your hypothesis and add relevant argument in favor or against it.

3. Methodology

Methodology is the simple section of the paper which describe how a study is conducted. It is the part that test hypothesis or scientific claim by conducting experimentation. It should contain detail plan of experiments with full explanation of investigating a research problem and describing the materials, participants, parameters, and questions relevant to it.

The goals of this section are to convey the information and knowledge to recreate the experiment and get reproducible results. The information of method should be clear so that every person can understand and if want to replicate your experiments can easily do it.

4. Results

This section of paper represents the outcomes of your methodology that supports predicted results or not. The information should be displayed in good way such as in charts, figures, graphs, and any other representation that clearly explains the findings. Interpret the results in real way whether it supports your hypothesis or not. Don’t write directly instead explain the reason in statistical form.

5. Discussion

This part of section is often confused with conclusion and results but it differs in terms of interpretation of results. Relate your findings with your hypothesis and questions, that you mentioned in your literature review. Elaborate any limitation that you observe in conducting research.

6. Conclusion

Lastly, conclude your thesis paper succinctly summarizing your paper and outcomes of the research. Do not repeat anything from discussion section rather provide insight to future recommendation of the research and its significance.

Rejection doesn’t matter but everyone should know the art of writing which comes with experience. Thesis or dissertation is written to highlight a problem in society and giving a solution to it that will be practically implemented. If you are a beginner and looking for thesis or dissertation writing tips, then you are at right place. Being an expert in thesis writing, I will suggest you some steps that will help you in writing the thesis.

Step # 1: Start with methodology

Some students find easy to start with materials and methods. It consists of all the techniques and tools used for conducting research. This part highlight how and what type of research is, is it qualitative or quantitative? What parameters you have selected for study? How many participants you have covered while addressing the solution? so on.

Step # 2: Follows to result and Discussion

After methodology, I will recommend you to write results and discussion. They are often confused with each other however, there is clear distinction between them. Result section highlight the outcomes or findings of your experiment. The language needs to be simple and clear. You can use different charts, graphs, figures and other graphical representation to display the results.

Discussion is based on interpretation of your results in which you will discuss whether your results are in support of your hypothesis or not. The goal of this section is show limitation and future recommendation of the study.

Step # 3: Write the abstract

Abstract is the summary of all your thesis which includes few introductory lines of background knowledge of problem, summary of methodology, results and significance of conducting the study. A well-written abstract is necessary as reader is interested to get an idea of what, why and how research is conducted. Being able to know the background knowledge of the topic, you will be capable to write the abstract however, don’t finalize it. You must need to edit and recheck it again writing full thesis because it is important part of it.

Step # 4: Move to Introduction

Some people combine introduction with literature review while some not. Its may be your choice or requirement of university. Introduction section state the information of the topic, why this topic is selected and its significance. The goal of this part is to highlight the problem and questions related to it. More importantly, you need to write hypothesis at the end of the introduction in which the objective of study is explained. This part require citation so it should be written properly.

Step # 5: Literature review; a tough job

Literature review is often seeming to be difficult part of thesis or dissertation and yes, it is true. It is difficult but if you have strong skills in researching and brainstorming ideas then you don’t have to worry about. You can write it after or before introduction, that’s totally up to you. This section holds important relevancy in establishing the links between previous and current study and also to your hypothesis and questions with citation added in reference section.

Rules to follow

Now you have idea of how to write thesis or dissertation but some follows should be learn by heart to promptly go through things:

• Ask help from any senior or your supervisor to get feedback. Discussion opens new doors to see things from different perspective.
• Don’t finalize the written document first time. Edit and proofread again and again to make perfect master piece.
• Make sure to do in depth research and structure your ideas before starting to write.

Thesis: a door to research

Thesis is an academic paper where a student has to address a problem and invest his time and effort in finding the solution or inventing a new product to overcome it. It is necessary for both master and doctorate students to finish and submit thesis or dissertation respectively. Every department has their own criteria for thesis so better to check them before starting work on it.

Significance of thesis

Most of students consider thesis useless and futile because they thought it don’t have any practical implementation. Sometime, a thesis can be remained theoretical but if you really want to publish or implement your thesis then build a model to reach the audience and elaborate in interesting way that how much bigger the problem can be in future and actions must be taken to resolve it.

Now explore start up pack to work on thesis:

1. Choose your thesis topic

Writing a thesis is not a problem until and unless you have a very fascinating topic to discuss about. To engage your reader till the end, you need to select a topic that appeals to reader and should be trendy. Your topic should have following qualities to be consider it a thesis topic:

• It should be thought provoking.
• Offer new insight
• Have data available on it but some of its puzzle is yet to be resolved.
• Provide new opportunities
• Should be innovative and excited

2. Prepare your mind early

Being a master’s student, you have already prepared your mind to work on thesis and might have already start working on it. Still if you are beginner and unfamiliar of the research and thesis, they you should consider these points.

• Look for sample of template
• Ask senior, friend or supervisor to assist you in thesis
• Note down small details of experiment
• Don’t write everything in the thesis and don’t exclude important details. Keep a balance here.
• Know what your supervisor and committee expectations

3. Make a habit of reading

Working on thesis is not all about analysis and experimentation. You need to develop routine of reading papers and books. Thesis is all persuading your reader that hypothesis and opinion is strong enough to overpower previous researches. Good ideas can be circulating in your mind if you read and write. Note down the journal detail and save it for later use.

4. Good research skills

Search is done when you want to read superficially about a topic or glance a topic. But re-search is done when you read the topic in detail and comes up with your research problem. To solve this research problem, you need to develop a hypothesis or research questions which serves as a base to thesis. Researching those articles and books and building a bibliography will show that you have taken data from credible source.

5. Follow timetable

Thesis experimentation and write up is not done in month or a week. Plan a schedule where you can write your tasks on daily and monthly basis. Create small milestones that can be achievable. Also take rest and maintain a healthy lifestyle to stay on track.

6. Writing of thesis

When you are finish with reading, experimentation, and results, it is time to start write up. Thesis or dissertation consist of following chapters and each chapter exhibit different information

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Literature review
4. Method
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusion

Divide task of writing thesis in small section and write one or two pages daily. Don’t use complex language in write up and proofread it to omit any mistakes.

We can further assume that since you are about to write a dissertation, you are no longer a novice to the fundamentals of academic writing. It’s safe to say you already know how to take notes, search, find information in the library, exhaust indexes, and master the art of Google searching.

Therefore, this article will not be about the basics of well-meaning advice such as; keep it simple, work hard, sleep well, find a groove, eat well, etc. Instead, we will focus on the mindset that makes for an intelligent, breath-taking dissertation of remarkable brilliance. What are these mental mindsets?

Continue reading to find them and get an in-depth understanding of how they work.

Think of your dissertation as a marathon

Writing an academic paper involves three important things; first is the understanding of what works best for you, second is your mental and physical health, while the third is familiarity with the terrain.

Understanding what works for you means knowing what writing tools or software is best for you. The time for writing your dissertation is not the time to try out new tools. If MS Word is the tool you’ve always used, then stick to it and complete your dissertation with it. No intelligent marathon runner tries out a new shoe on race day.

Secondly, pay attention to your physical and mental health. Writing an original academic paper begin with a simple exercise like walking, body stretch, etc

Thirdly, the challenge with writing a dissertation, most times, is having only a vague understanding of how the whole work fits together. It can be a disaster to think you know how to write the dissertation but later find out you don’t know. Therefore, an intensive reading exercise is needed before you begin writing.

Think and take your dissertation as work

Writing a dissertation is work, and you should be ready to treat it like that. How do you treat it as work?

• Be prepared to put in 6 to 8 hours every day
• Plan to work every day
• Make up for inevitable time loss
• Have a special place to work

Some people won’t like what you’re doing, and they might resent you for it. There will also be people who think you’re wasting your time. Pay no attention to them; continue working.

Think of your dissertation as a game

In a game, there are winners, and there are losers. Of course, we all want to win; however, circumstances sometimes push us to throw in the towel.

We’ve seen unfortunate cases where people lose their supervisor during dissertation writing, and no one is ready to take up the supervision. We’ve also seen instances where people fall sick as they work on their dissertations. They had no choice but to let go. These are legitimate reasons.

Yes, with not completing a dissertation comes stigma. But then, it’s only a game.

If you have come this far with reading, then you are willing to complete your dissertation. Put in the needed work, like a marathon runner, and you will have all that’s required, chapters of intelligent writings, pages of information filled, enough to eventually say finished.

Steps for Primary Research on Dissertation

You can follow these steps when carrying out your primary research for the dissertation:

• Step 1: Decide the Type of Data

  This stage is where you make up your mind on the type of data to use for your research. There are three main sources of data, namely; Primary data, secondary, and big. This article will focus on primary data, the data you collect yourself.

• Step 2: Determine the Primary Research Methodology

  You can decide to use qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methodologies when working on your primary research. To each of these methodologies, there are specific steps to follow to complete your primary research. Let’s take a look at each of the steps.

• Step 3: Be aware of limitations and strengths

  The strength of the qualitative analysis is that you can obtain more detailed information from the research. However, you can’t establish the quality of the study.

  The quantitative method lets you test hypotheses, determine casualties, and many other advantages. However, there can’t be the certainty that participants were honest. The strength of the mixed method overcomes the limitations of the other two.

• Step 4: Choose a specific method

  You have methods such as observations, focus groups, interviews, and case studies to choose from under the qualitative approach.

  Under the quantitative method, you have experimental, descriptive, correlational, and quasi-experimental methods.

  You choose from concurrent nested design, concurrent triangulation, and sequential exploratory design under a mixed method.

• Step 5: Select participants

  Your participants are the people you’ll be dealing with under the qualitative method you choose. You deal with a much higher number of participants under the quantitative approach. Under the mixed method, you will most likely have two groups of participants.

• Step 6: Select measures

  There is a need for the use of measures. However, no matter what informs your choice of measure, always consult your supervisor for advice. Quantitative research mainly involves the use of measurement tools. Since the mixed method deals with the two, you’ll have to use both measures.

• Step 7: Select analyses

  You might need to code and find themes within your research when using the qualitative method. Statistical analysis is the primary method of analysis under the quantitative method. A mixed research method will require you to use both methods of analysis.

• Step 8: Understand the procedure

  Draw up a plan to collect the needed data, analyze it, and write your report. Under the quantitative method, the procedure for collecting data is by categorizing participants, counterbalancing, and debriefing participants. The process for the mixed method is dependent on the type of qualitative and quantitative procedure you chose.

• Step 9: Think about Ethics

  Regardless of the research method you choose, ensure the process is ethical, especially when dealing with vulnerable people.

• Step 10: Put your level of education and training into consideration

  The primary research method you choose is dependent on your level of education and your training. Undergraduate research requires less complicated research methods compared to graduate studies.

Writing a dissertation takes time. But, with the steps above, you can cut the time used in preparing your primary research.

When choosing a topic of research, one must always try to select one that they, as well as their readers, share an interest in. It is also important to do some preliminary research on your topic of choice, to ensure you are capable of acquiring all the relevant information necessary to make your paper a good one. The following is a list of 25 problems worth investigating for your microbiology dissertation:

1. How do bacteria respond to stress compared to more complex organisms?
2. What are the similarities in genetics between single celled bacteria and complex organisms.
3. What are the major causes of bacterial swarming in nature?
4. What are the potential benefits of using genetically modified bacteria to aid in agriculture?
5. What are the risks involved in genetic modification of bacteria to combat bacterial pest in vegetable crops?
6. What are the main causes of bacterial outbreak in populated areas?
7. What is the most common form of transmission for bacterial infections?
8. Cell division in bacteria can teach us more about the process of aging in larger animals.
9. Viruses are more beneficial to the lives of large organisms than they are harmful.
10. The evolutionary changes required to allow organisms to survive near deep sea thermal vents.
11. The potential micro bacterial life existing in the unexplored parts of the worlds oceans.
12. The role played by extreme pressures on bacteria living in deep under sea environments.
13. How does hydro static pressure affect the amino acid requirements bacteria?
14. Low population micro bacterial populations are the result extremely stable environments.
15. The advantages of studying evolution through fast reproducing micro bacterial species.
16. Why we will lose the war against antibiotic resistant bacteria.
17. The truth about the dominant species on the planet from the perspective of a virus.
18. How sensitive are bacteria to the conditions in their preferred niche?
19. How did humans evolve a symbiotic relationship with micro bacteria?
20. What are the risks of introducing nitrogen fixing micro bacteria into farmlands?
21. Are bacteria living in cold oceans near the poles different from those living in the cold waters at the bottom of the Marianas trench?
22. How vaccines are made.
23. What we can do to combat antibiotic resistance.
24. The evolution of a virus.
25. The transmission of food borne pathogens in humans.

1. Understand What Research Questions For Dissertation Are

Do not start working on the chapter without understanding its importance. This section is meant to provide a goalpost for all your research work. It should therefore be clear, focused, concise and arguable.

2. Your Supervisor Is Available For Consultations

Your supervisor and his committee are not just meant to underline mistakes and send you to do revision on your paper. They are supposed to guide you through the entire drafting process. Consult the supervisor on regular basis on anything and your paper will be over in a flash.

3. Obtain Quality Research Questions For Dissertation Examples

Examples help you to understand what other students have done and what is expected from your. With the clues provided, you can now draft own questions. You should only ensure that the examples come from a credible source to guarantee quality.

4. Check the Library for Quality Materials

You must review some literature before drafting the research questions segment. The references you make and ideas that inform your questions should be based on high quality materials. Refer to high quality materials to ensure that your arguments are sound and captivating.

5. There Are Proofread Examples of Dissertation Research Questions Online

Check for proofread examples of research questions for doctoral paper online. The internet features papers that are written by other students and provided by reliable sources. Since these examples are found online, you can refer to as many as possible to understand the differences. Ensure that the examples come from a credible database.

6. Choose an Interesting Topic

The questions you ask will depend on the topic you have chosen. If the topic is interesting, relevant and specific as it should be, your chapter on questions will be interest as well. If the topic is mundane, the questions will also be dull such that they do not capture the imagination of your reader.

7. The Questions Will Affect Your Research Methodologies

Questions asked must be in line with your methodologies. The methods used during research affect the quality of answers obtained. Some questions will require a qualitative approach while others will need a quantitative approach to data collection.

8. Hire An Assistant to Assist With the Chapter

There are professional assistants who are available to assist with different chapters. Since they specialize on each element of doctoral paper writing, you will find an expert in drafting questions. Assign him or her the duty and avoid the stress that comes with such a task.

9. Simplify Your Questions

The questions should be simple and precise. Complex questions are difficult to answer because they will require compound answers. The answer should be straightforward to avoid confusion or multiple interpretation.

10. Pay a Professional Writer to Draft the Chapter on Your Behalf

Hire a professional dissertation writer to work on your dissertation. You just need to provide him or her with instructions that were issued by your department or supervisor. The writer will then craft a paper that you direct from time to time. This frees your time to attend to social, personal and family engagements while still producing the best academic paper.

Make reference to dissertation research questions examples provided by your supervisor. In case you find a problem using the examples, always consult. The quality of examples used will affect your performance.

Understand How To Write Dissertation Literature Review

This is one of the most important chapters of academic writing. Literature review is meant to provide relationships between what you are writing about and the existing scholarly knowledge. This is why a student has to read through a lot of books, journals and articles on the subject you are handling. You are required to know what scholars who are supporting your idea say about it. You then read opposing opinions and determine the strength of your ideas.

Literature review also helps you to avoid tackling ideas that have already been handled by other writers. You might also be working along a path that others have travelled and either approved or disapproved. By reading through the works of other people, you will test the validity of your idea.

Use Proofread Dissertation Literature Review Example

An example ranks among the best tools to use in your writing process. The example is already worked out and therefore simplifies understanding of the rules you are supposed to use. The only caution extended when using examples is to ensure that they meet required standards. This can be done in consultation with your supervisor.

The best sources of literature review for dissertation examples that you can use in your writing process include the library. Libraries stock a lot of high quality reference materials for students in different disciplines and departments. Library attendants will also assist you identify appropriate reference materials to use.

How Long Should the Literature Review for Dissertation Be?

The general rule is to have the literature review occupying 25% of your entire doctoral paper. However, this will vary based on your topic, the scope of materials you are using and directions from your department. There is also an inclusion and exclusion criteria to use when selecting materials. All the materials used must be relevant, quality and suitable for use. The 25% should not be achieved by including filler material. Ensure that only content that is relevant goes into your completing your paper. Irrelevant content will only tire the reader and affect the level to which your work is convincing.

Choice of Content When Writing Literature Review in Dissertation

The quality of your literature review depends entirely on materials you use. The materials must first be obtained from credible sources. These sources include the library, from your department, recommendation from your supervisor or credible literature review databases online. Use of poor quality or materials with unverified literature will affect the quality of arguments you make. The content referenced must also be represented in the most accurate manner possible.

Formatting Will Shape Your Literature Review
Literature review involves reference to materials developed by other scholars. You will be picking bits from these materials. It means that you have to reference the sources. An inaccurate citation or referencing will be misleading to your readers. This is why you must master the formatting styles and the rules that apply. Use samples that are accurately formatted to guide you through.

Writing dissertation paper is a prolonged process that will involve inclusion and deletion. It requires a lot of planning and organization so that the flow of ideas makes sense. Use samples that are high quality and be guided by your supervisor to enable you produce a chapter that is captivating to read.